Most of us know to stay low to the floor if we're caught in a fire, or head to the basement if a tornado's coming, or board up the windows in a hurricane. But, because relatively few of us live along fault lines, the massive earthquake that hit Haiti this month was a reminder that we're far less versed on what to do when the ground below us convulses. If we're in a house or building, for example, our first impulse might be to run outside - but, counterintuitive as it might sound, experts warn against that since people are too often killed by falling or fallen debris as they try to escape.

    Given how many us travel in quake-prone regions today - including, tragically, the four students and two professors from Lynn University in Florida who perished in the Haiti quake - even folks who don't reside in California should know how to survive a temblor. But there are two different, and at times competing, schools of thought on the matter - both of which are considered valid but perhaps not always in the same situations.

    The first, and most conventional and widely accepted by the disaster-response community, is the "drop, cover and hold on" approach, which urges people to take cover beneath something like a heavy table to avoid falling objects. The second, newer method is known as "the triangle of life." It recommends lying down in a fetal position not under but next to furniture; as roofs and walls collapse atop those sofas and desks, buffer spaces are created that protect people from being crushed.

    Over the past decade, a consensus has been building that "drop, cover and hold on" is a more appropriate method for developed countries like the U.S., where improved construction has greatly reduced the likelihood of structures imploding. The triangle of life is thought to be more pertinent in developing nations like Haiti, where shoddy building codes make finding a "survivable void" inside collapsed buildings more important than shielding yourself from falling chandeliers. "You have to think about the hazard level of the area you're in," says Gary Patterson, a geologist and director of education and outreach at the Center for Earthquake Research & Information at the University of Memphis in Tennessee. "If you're going to play the odds, drop-and-cover may be the best way to go, but a lot of emergency responders might say triangle-of-life because they're the ones who see the fatalities in buildings that do collapse."

    One such responder is Doug Copp, who heads up a private California-based organization called American Rescue Team International, which aids rescue efforts during disasters like the Haiti quake. Copp, a leading triangle-of-life proponent, began his work amid the epic 1985 earthquake in Mexico City. Inside that vast rubble he says he kept finding that schoolchildren who had dived under their desks were still crushed to death, but that kids who had curled up on the floor between desks survived, thanks to the falling tonnage above them being cushioned by the desks themselves. Since then, Copp, 58, insists he's seen much the same thing play out in all the quakes he and his team have rushed to, be it in the First or Third World.

    As a result, he's become an outspoken and controversial opponent of drop-and-cover in any earthquake scenario, even where buildings are likely to withstand the seismic shock. "To me, [drop-and-cover] is not an applicable or safe thing to do in any building in any part of the world," says Copp. "There is nothing built by man that nature can't destroy in a flash."

    Many disaster experts call that a gratuitous if not irresponsible position - especially since triangle-of-life, while it may leave pockets of survivability in collapsed structures, can still expose people to deadly falling debris. Government bureaus like the Federal Emergency Management Agency （FEMA） and major non-governmental organizations like the American Red Cross still favor drop-and-cover as the best quake survival technique in the U.S. - and a 2004 Red Cross report called Copp's blanket assertions "inappropriate and misleading."

    Copp argues they're too wedded to a drop-and-cover culture embedded in U.S. thinking since the 1950s, when school kids were taught to scramble under their desks during nuclear attack drills. But the Red Cross points to research, much of it developed by the California Emergency Management Agency （Cal EMA）, that reports that lives were saved during U.S. quakes in recent decades because people exercised drop-and-cover. "We don't discount either earthquake survival approach, but drop, cover and hold on is simpler for people, like drop and roll if you're on fire," says Cal EMA spokesman Jay Alan. That's important, he adds, given that people have only a matter of seconds to react to an earthquake.

    Organizations like the Red Cross also deny they're clinging to old mindsets. For much of the last century, for example, the public was taught that standing in a doorway was smart during an earthquake; but the Red Cross has since discarded that recommendation since it's more recognized today that "many doorways are not built into the structural integrity of a building." What's as important as knowing what to do during an earthquake is what to do before it, says Alan, whose agency urges preparedness steps such as securing bookshelves to walls and knowing where to turn off gas lines.

    Meanwhile, U.N. security experts this week sent out a triangle-of-life Power Point presentation to staff in Latin America who are still shaken by the more than 100 U.N. workers killed in the organization's Port-au-Prince headquarters this month, including the head of the mission there. Drop-and-cover may be the way to react in the U.S. and the developed world, but people in the developing world still need as many reliable ways to stay alive as they can get their hands on.

    大多數(shù)人都知道火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)我們應(yīng)貼近地面，龍卷風(fēng)來(lái)時(shí)應(yīng)躲在地下室里，臺(tái)風(fēng)來(lái)時(shí)釘緊窗戶。但相對(duì)而言，人們?nèi)粘Ｉ�活中不常面�?duì)這些狀況，所以本月發(fā)生在海地的強(qiáng)烈地震讓我們意識(shí)到自己對(duì)于地震時(shí)如何自救知之甚少。地震時(shí)當(dāng)我們身處室內(nèi)或建筑物中，想到的第一個(gè)念頭就是往外跑---但是，與我們的直覺(jué)正好相反，專(zhuān)家警告說(shuō)人們常常是在逃跑時(shí)被倒下或落下的碎片擊中身亡。

    現(xiàn)在人們常會(huì)在地震多發(fā)區(qū)旅行，就象佛羅里達(dá)林恩大學(xué)的四名學(xué)生和兩名教授在海地地震中喪生那樣，所以就算不在加利福尼亞居住的人也應(yīng)知道如何在地震中求生。不過(guò)在和時(shí)間賽跑的同時(shí)，人們對(duì)于地震自救提出了兩種不同的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，兩者都被視為有效，不過(guò)針對(duì)的情況并不一定相同。

    最常見(jiàn)并且被應(yīng)災(zāi)機(jī)構(gòu)廣泛接受的辦法是"蹲下，掩護(hù)和抓牢",這個(gè)辦法建議人們躲在諸如結(jié)實(shí)的桌子等物之下以避過(guò)墜落的物體。第二種更為新式的辦法被人們稱(chēng)之為"生命三角",它建議人們以嬰兒（在母體）中的姿勢(shì)蜷縮在家具旁邊而不是下面，因?yàn)槲蓓敽蛪γ娴瓜聛?lái)時(shí)常砸在沙發(fā)和凳子上，這樣中間就形成夾角，留出的空間可讓人們免遭滅頂之災(zāi)。

    過(guò)去10年里，人們一致認(rèn)為"蹲下，掩護(hù)和抓牢"的辦法在美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家更為適用，因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家經(jīng)過(guò)加強(qiáng)的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)有效降低了建筑物爆聚的可能性。"生命三角"之法則被認(rèn)為更適用于海地這樣的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，因其建筑物并不牢固，所以在倒塌的房屋內(nèi)找到"救生空間"比躲避墜落的燈具更為重要。田納西孟菲斯大學(xué)地震研究和信息中心創(chuàng)計(jì)劃主任，同時(shí)也是一名地質(zhì)學(xué)家的加里。帕特森說(shuō)："你得考慮所處區(qū)域的危險(xiǎn)程度，如果你想抓住一線生機(jī)，那么蹲下并掩護(hù)的辦法可能是最好的，但是許多應(yīng)災(zāi)人員可能會(huì)選擇生命三角的辦法，因?yàn)樗麄冇H眼見(jiàn)證過(guò)建筑物倒塌產(chǎn)生的悲劇。"

    Doug Copp 就是一位應(yīng)災(zāi)人員，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著加州一個(gè)叫做"美國(guó)國(guó)際救援隊(duì)"的私營(yíng)隊(duì)伍，該組織的目的就是在類(lèi)似海地地震這樣的災(zāi)難中進(jìn)行援救。Copp 是倡導(dǎo)生命三角的帶頭人之一，他自1985年墨西哥城大地震時(shí)開(kāi)始救援生涯。當(dāng)年他在巨大的碎石堆中一直尋找躲在桌子下面的學(xué)生，但發(fā)現(xiàn)他們還是被壓死了，而那些蜷縮在桌子之間地面上的學(xué)生卻活了下來(lái)，這完全是因?yàn)樗麄冾^頂墜落的物體被桌子給擋住了。從那以后，現(xiàn)年58歲的Copp一直強(qiáng)調(diào)在他和隊(duì)伍奔赴的所有地震災(zāi)區(qū)都看到許多類(lèi)似情景上演， 無(wú)論是第一世界還是第三世界（國(guó)家）均是如此。

    由此，Copp成了一位直言相諫而又頗具爭(zhēng)議的人物，他反對(duì)人們?cè)谌魏蔚卣鹬卸疾捎?quot;蹲下、掩護(hù)"的辦法，即使建筑物能承受地震沖擊。Copp說(shuō)："我認(rèn)為在世界任何一個(gè)地方的任何建筑物中（蹲下并掩護(hù)）都是不可取也是不安全的，因?yàn)槭澜缟蠜](méi)有任何一棟人造建筑物能經(jīng)得起大自然的瞬間摧毀。"

    許多應(yīng)災(zāi)專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為Copp的觀點(diǎn)不是不負(fù)責(zé)任就是毫無(wú)根據(jù)，他們尤其認(rèn)為"生命三角"即便能讓人們?cè)诘顾�建筑物中尋得一線生機(jī)，但也很可能讓人們被下落物體擊中而致命。象聯(lián)邦應(yīng)急管理署等政府部門(mén)以及美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)等一些重要的非政府組織仍視 "蹲下、掩護(hù)"為美國(guó)最佳地震求生技巧。一份2004年紅十字會(huì)的報(bào)告將Copp 坦白的論斷稱(chēng)之為"不合時(shí)宜且誤導(dǎo)群眾。"

    Copp爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)上述人士過(guò)分依賴(lài)自19世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)就植根于美國(guó)人思維當(dāng)中的"蹲下、掩護(hù)"文化，當(dāng)時(shí)的學(xué)生在核武攻擊演習(xí)時(shí)就被教導(dǎo)要躲在桌子底下。但是紅十字會(huì)指出加利福尼亞應(yīng)急管理署（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)加州應(yīng)急署）進(jìn)行的大量研究表明在近幾十年美國(guó)發(fā)生的地震中人們之所以能逃生就得益于平時(shí)演練了"蹲下、掩護(hù)"的技巧。加州應(yīng)急署發(fā)言人杰伊。阿倫說(shuō)："我們并不排斥其他地震逃生技巧，但蹲下、掩護(hù)和抓牢這一辦法就象火災(zāi)中趴下、打滾一樣簡(jiǎn)單易行，"他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)："這點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)榈卣鹬腥藗冎挥袇^(qū)區(qū)幾秒的時(shí)間作出反應(yīng)。"

    紅十字會(huì)等組織也認(rèn)為他們并沒(méi)受老辦法桎梏，例如，上世紀(jì)很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，公眾就被告知地震時(shí)站在門(mén)廊處是明智之舉，但紅十字會(huì)現(xiàn)已摒棄這一建議，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在人們公認(rèn)"門(mén)廊不是建筑物一體式結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分。"阿倫說(shuō)："在地震前做好準(zhǔn)備和知道地震時(shí)該如何做同樣重要。"他的組織建議人們提前做好準(zhǔn)備工作，例如墻邊擺放結(jié)實(shí)的書(shū)架，知道在哪兒關(guān)閉燃?xì)夤艿馈?/p>

    與此同時(shí)，聯(lián)合國(guó)安全專(zhuān)家本周給拉美的工作人員發(fā)送了一個(gè)關(guān)于"生命三角"的PPT（幻燈片）文件，這些工作人員仍沉浸在本月太子港總部包括負(fù)責(zé)人在內(nèi)的100多名同事遇難的驚嚇中。"蹲下、掩護(hù)"可能仍是美國(guó)和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)對(duì)地震的求生辦法，但發(fā)展中世界的人們?nèi)孕枰�可行性與可靠性兼?zhèn)涞拇胧﹣?lái)自我拯救。